NR 507 Week 2 Discussion Part One

Sample Answer

1. What is the etiology of cystic fibrosis?

This topic is of great interest to me because of this subject that I will be doing my presentation on, so I did a detailed search. The peer review article revealed that according to Munder& Tummler (2015), cystic fibrosis lung disease result from impaired chloride and bicarbonate epithelial transport, defective mucociliary transport, and acidification of the airway-surface liquid. In many ways, the pathophysiological process differs according to the different evidenced-based practice. “The pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis is deduced from the loss or dysfunction of CFTR in the apical epithelial membrane” Stoltz, (2015). The contributing factor is an attenuated bacteria-killing capability has reported in monocytes and macrophages isolated from people with cystic fibrosis.

The response to the peer review is” We agree with Munder and Tümmler that abnormal function in myeloid cells (i.e., neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages) may contribute to impaired host defense in cystic fibrosis.” Stoltz, 2015. The article contains other pertinent information to describe the depth of this disease. “Specific cell types involved (monocytes, neutrophils, or macrophages) and proposed mechanisms for defects (e.g., organelle acidification, complement-mediated phagocytosis, and intraphagosomal production of hypochlorous acid) vary substantially among studies.” Stoltz (2015).

2. Describe in detail the pathophysiological process of cystic fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis is the abnormal secretions that obstruct the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tract. According to (McCance et al., 2013) research shows that there may be additional CF-associated primary defects, such as a natural proinflammatory state and abnormal local immune defenses in the lungs. “Cystic fibrosis is also associated with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) gene mutation results in the abnormal expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) protein, which is a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)–activated chloride channel present on the surface of many types of epithelial cells.” (McCance et al., 2013). These cells include the lining of the airways, bile ducts, the pancreas, sweat glands, and the vas deferens. Even though cystic fibrosis affects multisystem it ultimately most often affects the lung, which is the most critical site of involvement that leads to respiratory failure and death.

3. Identify hallmark signs identified from the physical exam and symptoms.

Cystic fibrosis often occurs primarily in the white population; it affects 1 in 29 whites in the united states. The symptoms typically start with the respiratory and digestive systems. Respiratory symptoms include a persistent cough or wheeze, sputum production, and recurrent or severe pneumonia, and chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps. “Persistence of infection incites chronic local inflammation, airway damage, bronchiectasis, microabscess formation, and foci of hemorrhagic pneumonia.

4. Describe the pathophysiology of complications of cystic fibrosis.

There is progressive damage to the typical architecture of the lung with a decline in pulmonary function.” (McCance et al., 2013. CF causes reduced hydration of airway mucus which results in increased adherence of mucus to the epithelium, making it easier for bacteria to stick to and increasing the chances of infection (McCance et al., 2013)

5. What teaching related to her diagnosis would you provide the parents?

Due to the severity of the disease, it will be overwhelming and devastating to the parents, as an advanced clinical nurse I will provide them with all the information and videos available. I would also refer them to join a group of parents with children of a similar diagnosis. Advising the patient to prevent infection, adequate nutrition, and an increase in caloric intake is the primary goal to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Lastly, I would provide them with my information for them to call with any further questions.

Ingrid

References

• Antje Munder, M.D. Burkhard Tümmler, M.D., Ph.D. Hanover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (2015) tuemmler.burkhard@mh-hannover.de
• David A. Stoltz, M.D., Ph.D. David K. Meyerholz, D.V.M., Ph.D.
  Michael J. Welsh, M.D. University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA (2015)
• McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V. L., & Rote, N. S. (2013). Pathophysiology The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO Mosby.