NUR 600 Module 7 Discussion Treatments for Musculoskeletal & Neurological/Psychological Disorders

Sample Answer

Describe the diagnostic criteria for osteoarthritis versus rheumatoid arthritis.

• Osteoarthritis is assumed to be caused by normal wear, and rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune illness in which the immune system assaults joints. Diagnostic criteria such as from X-rays, such as subchondral sclerosis, osteoblast growth, and joint stiffness are used for osteoarthritis.
• Rheumatoid Arthritis can be diagnosed with advanced blood tests for anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and rheumatoid factor (RF), as well as imaging abnormalities on X-ray or other imaging modalities, such as joint degradation or periarticular osteoporosis.

Discuss types of headaches and their treatment.

• The most common headache is tension headache, characterized by dull, agonizing pain that is frequently compared to a tight band around the head. Medication, stress-reduction measures, and lifestyle modifications are all possible treatments for tension headaches.
• Second, a migraine is more than just a bothersome headache characterized by fatigue, nausea, visual abnormalities, agitation, and other symptoms can be triggered by stimuli such as trigger lights and sounds.
• Treatment options include painkillers, lifestyle changes, and avoidance of stimulants.
• Cluster headaches typically appear in waves, several times per day for weeks or months. Along with symptoms like dry jaw and red eyes, they cause excruciating unilateral discomfort around the eye or thigh(Cleveland Clinic, 2022).
• Treatment options include triptan medicines, Acupuncture, and physiotherapy. A thunderclap headache is a very intense headache that strikes with abrupt intensity, like a thunderclap. (Cleveland Clinic, 2022).
• To make one feel better, the doctors can recommend nasal irrigation, anticonvulsants, and opioids. The other form of headache is caused by excessive pharmaceutical use.
• Treatment involves managing withdrawal symptoms, discontinuing overdose, and transitioning to other therapies while under medical care.

Discuss types of seizures and their treatment.

A seizure is characterized by an uncontrollable spike in brain cell activity that results in transient anomalies in behavior, feelings, states of awareness, or muscular tone or movement (Johns Hopkins, 2024).

• Absence Seizures Children frequently exhibit transient cognitive impairment accompanied by gazing. Commonly used medications include valproic acid and ethosuximide.
  
• Myoclonic seizures are characterized by abrupt jerks of the arms, head, and neck, as well as other body parts. Clusters of the spasms, particularly in the morning, are felt on both sides of the body. Treatment involves AEDs such as carbamazepine.
  
• Tonic and clonic seizures are characterized by jerky movements (clonic phase) after a period of muscular rigidity (tonic phase)(Johns Hopkins, 2024). Commonly recommended medications include levetiracetam, lamotrigine, and valproic acid.
• Adjusted consciousness with side effects such as repetitive developments, hallucinations, or staring spells is known as complex fractional seizures. AEDs such as levetiracetam, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine are typically advised.

Discuss Parkinson’s disease, its causes, symptoms, and treatment

Parkinson’s disease is a neurological condition that results in unintentional or uncontrollable movements, including stiffness, shaking, and trouble balancing and coordinating.

Causes of Parkinson’s disease

• Mutations in Genes
  
• Environmental variables
  
• Age

Parkinson’s disease symptoms

• Hand, arm, leg, jaw, or head tremor Muscle stiffness or prolonged contraction of a muscle
  
• Movement at a slow pace
  
• Impaired coordination and balance, which can occasionally result in falls
  Parkinson’s disease treatment
  
• Dopamine agonists to increase the brain’s dopamine production
  
• Physical, occupational, and speech therapy can help with tremors and stiffness, voice and gait abnormalities, and mental function decrease.
  
• Exercises that build muscle and enhance coordination, flexibility, and balance( National Institute on Aging, 2022).
  
• Amantadine to lessen uncontrollably moving parts
  
• Anticholinergic medications lessen tremors and muscle rigidity.

References

• National Institute on Aging. (2022, April 14). Parkinson’s Disease Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments. Retrieved from nih.gov https //www.nia.nih.gov/health/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-disease-causes-symptoms-and-treatments# ~ text=Parkinson%27s%20disease%20is%20a%20brain,have%20difficulty%20walking%20and%20talking.
  
• Cleveland Clinic. (2022, August 29). Headaches. Retrieved from clevelandclinic.org https //my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9639-headaches
  
• Johns Hopkins. (2024). Types of Seizures. Retrieved from https //www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/epilepsy/types-of-seizures # ~ text=There%20are%20two%20major%20classes,how%20the%20electrical%20discharges%20spread.
  
• Mohammed, A., Alshamarri, T., Adeyeye, T., Lazariu, V., McNutt, L.-A., & Carpenter, D. O. (2020). A comparison of risk factors for osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis using NHANES data. Preventive Medicine Reports.