Synthesis

Sample Answer

Diseases are known to impact patients’ lives negatively, implying that there is a need to understand such diseases or conditions and come up with the necessary appropriate treatment approaches. Therefore, it is important for healthcare professionals to understand the pathophysiology associated with such diseases (Hong et al.,2020). One such condition is nephritis. This condition is also known as an inflammation of the kidneys. Nephritis can be related to a particular infection.

However, in most cases, it arises due to an autoimmune condition such as lupus, which then makes the body’s immune system accidentally attack the kidney, hence causing inflammation. In terms of pathophysiology, the condition can be diabetic nephropathy-related, where a long duration of uncontrolled diabetes damages glomeruli and renal blood vessels, which then leads to reduced filtration and proteinuria (Trimarchi, 2022). The other aspect is hypertensive nephropathy, which can also damage renal arteries.

The next is infection-related, where bacterial toxins lead to an immune response in the glomeruli. As earlier indicated, it can also be immune-triggered, where complications such as lupus lead to an autoimmune response, which then accidentally attacks the renal tissue, leading to inflammation (Zhao et al.,2020). Nephritis has various clinical manifestations, such as blood in the urine, foamy urine, changes in the color of urine, and swelling, which may be experienced in various parts of the body, such as the face, ankles, feet, or hands.

The other clinical manifestations include changes in a person’s urinating habits and hypertension, which results from kidney dysfunction (Qui et al., 2022). Effective treatment of diseases heavily depends on appropriate and accurate diagnosis. Therefore, various diagnostic approaches are usually applied in cases of suspected nephritis. One of them is carrying out urinalysis, which focuses on detecting cellular debris, proteinuria, and hematuria (Martinez et al.,2020). Blood tests are also done to assess the kidney function. Other diagnostic approaches include streptococcal testing, autoimmune screening, imaging, and renal biopsy.

References

• Hong, S., Healy, H., & Kassianos, A. J. (2020). The emerging role of renal tubular epithelial cells in the immunological pathophysiology of lupus nephritis. Frontiers In Immunology, 11, 578952. https //doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.578952
• Martinez Valenzuela, L., Draibe, J., Fulladosa, X., & Torras, J. (2020). New biomarkers in acute tubulointerstitial nephritis a novel approach to a classic condition. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(13), 4690. https //doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134690
• Trimarchi, H. (2022). Crescents in primary glomerulonephritis A pattern of injury with dissimilar actors. A pathophysiologic perspective. Pediatric Nephrology, 37(6), 1205-1214. Doi 10.1007/s00467-021-05199-1
• Qiu, S., Zhang, H., Yu, S., Yang, Q., Zhang, G., Yang, H., … & Wang, M. (2022). Clinical manifestations, prognosis, and treat-to-target assessment of pediatric lupus nephritis. Pediatric Nephrology, 37(2), 367-376. Doi 10.1007/s00467-021-05164-y
• Zhao, Y., Wei, W., & Liu, M. L. (2020). Extracellular vesicles and lupus nephritis-new insights into pathophysiology and clinical implications. Journal of Autoimmunity, 115, 102540. https //doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102540